Hoa Lu was established as the capital of Đai Co Viet in 968 by Dinh Bo Linh, later known as Emperor Dinh Tien Hoang, after he unified the country following the period of the Twelve Warlords. The capital remained an important political and military centre through the Dinh and Early Le dynasties, as well as the early years of the Ly dynasty, before the capital was moved to Thang Long in 1010. 

The ancient capital once covered a much larger area, protected by the surrounding limestone mountains and waterways that gave Hoa Lu its natural defensive character. Today, the remaining complex covers more than 300 hectares and forms part of the Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The principal attractions are the Temple of King Dinh Tien Hoang and Temple of King Le Dai Hanh, both surrounded by traditional courtyards, stone pathways and mountain scenery. Visitors can also explore Nhat Tru Pagoda, Ma Yen Mountain, Thien Ton Cave and archaeological remains associated with the former capital. 

Beyond its historical monuments, Hoa Lu offers a distinctive combination of heritage and rural landscapes. Traditional villages, rice fields, limestone peaks and quiet waterways surround the ancient capital, while the annual Hoa Lu Festival brings traditional ceremonies, cultural performances and folk activities to the site. The festival was recognised as a National Intangible Cultural Heritage and continues to be held each year.